Showing posts with label Week 12. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Week 12. Show all posts

Sunday, November 13, 2016

Twenty Two Goblins by Somadeva Reading Notes Parts A and B

Goblin
  from Warhammer
Twenty Two Goblins
by Somadeva
translated by Arthur W Ryder
published in 1917
it is a translation of the Vetāla-pañca-viṃśati, 
a Sanskrit Classic
Available for FREE online from Project Gutenberg
and in AudioBook format through Librivox


A goblin is hanging in a tree, taking over a dead man's body. A good king is sent by a man desiring to become the King of the Fairies by retrieving the magical powers out of the goblin. The king is indebted to this man, because for many years, the man has been bringing him an offering of desirable jewels concealed inside of a piece of fruit everyday. The king asks him what he can do for him, and the man asks him to retrieve the goblin. 

The goblin tells tales to King every time that he is removed from the tree, and questions the King at the end of each tale. The King must answer honestly if he knows the answer, or his head will burst into a hundred different pieces. For 22 different stories, the King answers the goblin's tales, but on the final time, the goblin warns the king what the man who sent the King to him is really after. 

Reading Part A:

First Goblin: Well, these names are interesting. King Triple Victory, Ear-Lotus, Bite. I like that if the King doesn't answer, then his head will fly into a million pieces. I can't believe this how this whole thing got started though, and it's hard to believe a king would leave his duties to go and capture a goblin, but here we go.

Second Goblin: "Great-minded people do not waver until they have kept their promises, even at the cost of life." This is going to be a long journey with the goblin frequently escaping, I can see. 

Third Goblin: Usually women are bad, while only a few bad men occur here or there. Hummpppfff. I take offense to this. When was this story told, again? 12th century?

Reading Part B:

Fourth Goblin: "What good is life to me without my children?" And the father tried to cut off his own head, when suddenly a voice came out of nowhere, telling him to stop! I've been seeing this theme throughout a lot of old stories, lately. 

Sixth Goblin: The girl who transposed the head and the body of her husband and her brother. Ummmmm, interesting! What's going to happen here?! The king decides the head of the husband is to be her husband, for that's how we recognize people. True, it's how they think, and who really wants to kiss their brother? 

Seventh Goblin: The Mutual Services of King Fierce-Lion and Prince Good. I'm really loving these names here. This is actually one of my favorite stories: Ocean, sinking ship, dive in after the flag pole, sink down in the Ocean, discover a hidden city, and a beautiful maiden under the sea. **I really like the idea that the pool connects the two worlds. This is really similar to one of my favorite childhood books about a princess that goes between worlds through the decorative pond in her court, but I can never remember the name of that book.
                                               ~
Vetala Panchavimshati (Sanskritवेतालपञ्चविंशति, or Baital Pachisi is a collection of tales and legends from India, and was originally written in Sanskrit. "One of its oldest recension's is found in the 12th Book of the Kathasaritsagara ("Ocean of the Streams of Story"), a work in Sanskrit compiled in the 11th century by Somadeva, but based on yet older materials, now lost. This recension comprises in fact twenty four tales, the frame narrative itself being the twenty fifth." (From the Wikipedia Page Vetala Panchavimshati.

I read the text by Somadeva written sometime in the 11th Century in Sanskrit (I read the translated to English version, of course!), of which other stories related to this are presumably lost. Arthur W Ryder translated the text into English. Although, conflicting information shows that Arthur W Ryder used Dandin's version of the text, which was written in the 7th-8th Century. 
                                               ~

Scholarship is less than sense

Therefore seek intelligence.

— an epigram Ryder translated
 from the Panchatantra and quoted often.


Arthur W Ryder
Time Magazine described Ryder as "The greatest Sanskrit Student of his Day." He preferred to translate and publish works that interested and delighted him, rather than scholarly articles. He graduated from Harvard, and got his Dr. of Philosophy from the U of Berlin and the U of Leipzig, taught at Harvard and eventually landed at the University of California, Berkeley (one of my all-time favorite schools). 


Don't Kill Him!

Sillhouette of Trees During Night
 by Unsplash via Pexels

Omar looked at the boy. His boy.

He had to shake that thought since he couldn't keep referring to him as his boy anymore. Not with the decision was forced to make. There would need to be action now, the community demanded that Kabir's life be ended.

The boy was watching television, the dim glow lighting up his face, and he was enjoying the show. Omar smiled softly at him. Life shouldn't have to be this complicated, should it? When did society come to this, that termination of a life was required simply because one thing about a person displeased a few in the community? It was like walking on egg-shells these days, careful not to offend anyone in any way: don't forget to smile while holding the door open for the neighbor lady, be sure to tip 35% or risk whispers you're dissenting from societal norms, mail out your Christmas cards the day after Thanksgiving, don't forget to include a picture of the smiling family, with the dog's lips cleverly pulled back into a smile also, careful to use fishing line to help the dog grin, a trick that everyone knew at this point, but must be conformed to regardless of the fact that everyone was in on the joke. Keeping up with the Joneses', isn't that what it was called back when Omar was a kid? Now it was a suffocating, stiff, inflexible lifestyle required by society in order to maintain your home within the city. He supposed he could become a hermit, living in the woods like those who refused to conform, but he wasn't outdoorsy enough for that. He and his boy... No Stop that Omar -- you must stop saying that... you and the boy would starve to death in the first few weeks if you could even track down water after the first few days. Sigh.

I've got to take him to the woods, I suppose, and leave him there. He'll probably die, but maybe not. At least I'm not killing him outright, thought Omar as he continued mulling over his options. The sacrificial lamb, the one that is required by the higher-ups to appease the masses. Kabir, his boy... no Omar, remember: the boy... had made a lot of people uncomfortable lately. Making people uncomfortable was no longer tolerated in today's society, and so finally the straw that had broken the camel's back had come: Kabir had sought out a guru. A guru. "We're Muslims!" thought Omar loudly, clicking his tongue without even realizing he was doing it, so that Kabir turned from the television to look at him. Omar gave an uneasy smile, then a small shrug, and Kabir turned back to watching his show.

The trouble had started because we are Muslims, in fact, continued Omar in his own thoughts. When we found Kabir inside of an abandoned home in our neighborhood, days after we had gotten back from our honeymoon, we couldn't believe it. Who would leave a helpless little child in here? Omar's wife Noha couldn't stand the thought, and so they took him home. People had accused them of hiding a premarital pregnancy, but they didn't care. Noha had been radiant on her wedding day, and anyone that said that she could have been eight months pregnant was lying to themselves! But still, people accused them of having a baby too soon after marriage. Although it certainly started everything, the real problem came when they took the child to the mosque to seek a name for him, as was custom. The local imam consulted the holy texts, and then distraught, said he would get back to the couple. That was strange. After their imam had consulted a few other imams, mild discontent began to spread throughout their community. The name the holy texts kept presenting was Kabir, a name of God. "We can't name this child such a sacred name of God, for a child to be called the Incomparably Great!" All of the imams together had told them. "Well, what are we supposed to name him? We're keeping him, so give us a name."  retorted Noha and Omar. Everyone grumbled, but obligingly, they had let them name him Kabir.

Now, however, Kabir was twelve, and seeking religious instruction. Except, he wasn't seeking instruction from the imams in the religious classes, no, he was following around a guru in the early morning hours, repeating after him, "Hari Ram, Hari Ram, Hari Ram." Ram was definitely not one of the names for the God of Islam. Worse, Kabir was writing songs, and encouraging people that the god of Hinduism and the god of Islam were all the same thing. This kid had practically torn a rift through the community the size of the Thar desert in Rajasthan.

Omar had loaded Kabir up into their family Subaru and told him he wanted to show him a bit of nature's beauty: the moon was supposed to be really big tonight. They got to a secluded spot, parked the car, and walked a little ways into the forest. Kabir had complete trust in Omar, for Omar was his father who had raised him, and now no fear whatsoever was resonating through him. Omar told him to sit down, and wait, and then Omar began to walk away. But as he turned, essentially sacrificing his only son, his oldest, his cell phone began to ring. Bizarrre, there shouldn't be any reception out here.... Kabir cocked his head sideways, thinking the same thought as Omar. How is this possible? Omar answered the phone, out of habit, worried it was a work call. "Kabir is a child of God, and he is destined for greatness! Return with him to your home, continue to raise him as your own and all will be well for you and your family!" boomed the voice through the phone. Omar laughed at the voice, shocked at what he had just heard, but it confirmed his deep-seated belief that disrupting the current status quo of societal rigidity couldn't actually harm them too much, could it? No, he'd let Kabir rock the boat and see what would come. Omar would protect him, if he could. He told Kabir to get up, look at the moon, and then they calmly walked back to the car together.


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


Author's Note: Kabir was an Indian mystic, poet and saint who lived around 1400 AD (speculations place him around 14th-15th Century). One of legends surrounding Kabir sugges that he was discovered as a child abandoned near a body of water by a couple that was returning home from their honeymoon (some say he was born of a lotus leaf). The couple risked a ruined reputation, knowing people would think they had conceived before marriage, but they didn't care: here was a perfect little child, abandoned and left to die, so they decided to raise him as their own, in the Muslim faith. The story about his name coming from the holy texts was controversial because it was one of the names of God from Islam: Immeasurably Great. The story suggests that this is an unacceptable name for a child, perhaps because he was 'born' into this middle-caste family. Kabir was renowned for seeking out a Hindu Guru (which is another legend that historians have doubts about), Swami Ramananda in Varanasi, and composing songs and poems urging his followers to follow God, which was the same God, whether you found him through Hinduism, Islam, Sikhism or any other form of religion. Some critics say that he encouraged his followers to abandon traditional religion and seek only the path of righteousness.


I was intrigued that he was found near a body of water, almost in a nest of reeds -- this seemed strikingly similar to the Christian imagery about Moses. However, Moses (Musa) is the most frequently mentioned character in the Koran, and the stories do overlap between the two religions, so it's interesting that a more 'modern day' figure like Kabir would have a similar personal history likened to that of an Old Testament figure. Moses, like Kabir, is destined by God to become great. This also reminds me that Abraham is asked to sacrifice his first born son, Isaac, to God, as a test of his faith. Kabir's father was going to sacrifice Kabir, leaving him in the forest to die, when a voice "came out of the wilderness" telling him that Kabir was a child of god, and he was destined for greatness. Kabir's father decided to keep him and continued to raise Kabir, who did become a prolific religious teacher and leader through his holy songs, poems and bhajans. I wanted to modernize the tale, and hoped that I was able to do so, while still retaining some of the more mysterious historical events of Kabir's childhood.
Kabir, memorialized on an Indian Postage Stamp, 1952
Image from Wikipedia

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More Info on Kabir 
  • Kabir was famous for writing Kabir's Bijak, and Rabindranath Tagore of the 21st century translated 100 Poems of Kabir into English, which was published in 1915.
  • My Reading Notes from the Amar Chitra Katha comic book about Kabir from the Visionary Series can be found here. The Volume on Kabir is vol # 623, and can be checked out from The Bizzel Library on OU's campus.
  • A brief overview of Kabir's life can be found on Wikipedia.

Tuesday, November 8, 2016

Pashu by Devdutt Pattanaik Reading Notes Part D

Pashu by Devdutt Pattanaik
Image from Indian Epics: Reading Guides

Surasa's Children, Who Are Different :)
   So, dragons? Dinosaurs? Do we get Dragons here?

Immediately, we're treated to a story about Arjuna about to shoot a monster he happens upon, with all different parts of its body from different parts of an animal. It has one human arm though, and it raises its hand in blesses, asking Arjuna not to shoot. Arjuna decides not to shoot the monster, because just because it can't be imagined in a human mind, doesn't mean it couldn't have been imagined in the mind of god. Basically, the point is: CREATIVITY WINS.
Makaradhvaja

  • That name seems made up, but oh well. Again, a very interesting story of how pregnancy happens. This time, Hanuman unknowingly begets a son when he is flying over Ocean to Lanka to rescue Sita for Ram. He drops a bead of sweat into the Ocean, and a fish swallows it and gets pregnant, bearing a 1/2 monkey 1/2 fish son. The son is appointed gate keeper of Patala, and no one is a match for him, except his father. And old monkey visits the land near the end of his life, and they wrestle, and neither can beat each other. It is then that Makaradhvaja knows that this is the father he has always longed for. 
    • These bizarre pregnancy stories are definitely going to be used when my kids ask where babies come from. Cranes? Nah, kid, just don't get close enough to sweat on a girl, otherwise she'll become pregnant.
Satyr
image from GoodFreePhotos public domain

Parushmamriga
  • Ok, I vaguely remember hearing this term before, so I'm curious to find out what it is. 
  • 1/2 human above the waist, deer below the waist..... So, a centaur? No, that's a horse's body. A Satyr.... Like from A Lion, A Witch, and a Wadrobe... super interesting lores getting around the world here. 
Sarabha
  • This is Shiva in the form of a terrifying beast: lion-like head with 8 legs, sharp claws, a pair of wings, and a very long tail. Shiva took on this form to challenge Vishnu, because Vishnu so enjoyed taking on the form of terrifying animals, that he would forget or neglect to go back to his original form. Shiva agreed to challenge his animal form, and he won, which reminded Vishnu to go back to his original form and to his abode on the Ocean of Milk. 
Hanuman
  • Hanuman has another form that is worshipped... wait, what? Yep, apparently, he has 5 heads in this other form. He got trapped in the underworld of Patala (isn't that where his son, the 1/2 monkey 1/2 fish lives? I think so...) and to escape, he had to blow out five candles at once. In order to do this, he sprouted 4 more heads: a lion, a boar, an eagle, and a horse. This form is worthy of worship. 
Ganesha

  • Ganesha, Ganapati, Gajanan, Vinayaka, maybe with the head of Airavata, Indra's white elephant mount -- He has a lot of names, this is confusing
  • I love the story of Ganesha... his mom was lonely, so she anointed herself with Turmeric paste (love me some turmeric), and when it dried, she moulded a figure and breathed life into it. Hell yeah! Women making babies! Except Shiva got jealous, and lopped his head off, and then felt bad, and promised his wife to make her child better, so he just gave the kid the first alive head he saw... an elephant. Poor kid, lazy husband. Oh well, everyone loves Ganesha and his adorable trunk and belly. 
Finally, Human  VS Animals
  • Ooooohhhh, interesting! Was Ram a Vegetarian or a Carnivore during his exile? Some say he only foraged berries and plants, but others say as a prince, he knew how to hunt deer, and ate their flesh, and wore their skin, and used their bones and horns for weapons. 
    • The Pandavas, however, during their exile, definitely hunted animals and ate them
  • The pain of animals does not go unnoticed. Yama records it in his great book where he records every action. "He who causes pain to animals has to pay for it, in one life or another."
  • End times warning that the earth will be destroyed by a fire breathing mare who lives under the ocean. She makes the waters of the sea evaporate and turn into clouds, and then rain. If man does not protect the natural balance, then she will erupt in volcanic lava and destroy all of the earth, submerging the mountains and all humanity in the fire-lava. 
    • Some say this mare will be the mount, or ride of Vishnu's final avatar, Kalki.
      • Eerily similar to Judeo-Christian end-times warnings and predictions. 

Saturday, November 5, 2016

Pashu by Devdutt Pattanaik Reading Notes Part C

Pashu by Devdutt Pattanaik
Image from Indian Epics Reading Guides post for MLLL 4993

Surabhi's Children With Hooves

  • Gandharvas are celestial musicians who live inside flowers... interesting. First time I'm reading about their residence. 
  • Raising of the Earth: once a demon dragged the earth under the sea, so the earth goddess cried out to Brahma for help. He breathed out of his nostrils a board who dove into the sea, speared the demon with his tusks, and lifted the earth out of the sea on his snout. The earth goddess clutched so tightly to the boar that we have folds in the earth, or mountains and valleys. The boar was Vishnu, and he buried his tusks into the earth, which is why mother earth produces plants and trees. 
  • Ekavira Heheya: Again, we see that a woman (goddess) is cursed to live as an animal until she gives birth to a human child. It's interesting, they never state that a male child should be born, but it always seem implicit, and a male child is pretty much always born. Anyways, Lakshmi failed to listen to her husband, Vishnu, droning on and on as she was distracted by a beautiful horse. He cursed her to live as a horse, and so she left for the Earth immediately to do so. He missed her immediately (serves him right), so he too went down to the Earth in the form of a horse, impregnanted her, and she gave birth to a son, human, though he was named "son of Horses" and he grew up to be a hero. 
  • Kadru and Vinata and Ucchaishrava's white or black tail: Kadru tricked her sister into becoming her slave by quarreling over whether the white flying horse was all white, or actually had some black in it's tail. She forced her snake children to get into the horse's tail, so when they checked the next day it would look like a black tail, and her sister would become her slave. Her children balked at the idea of cheating, but she kicked them, and forced them to obey her by threatening to allow them to be roasted to death in a fire if they did not obey. Ouch! What a cruel witch of a mother. 
Kamadhenu from Vikipedia
I'm laughing because I can't quite make out who it is, but there is definitely a god of the dung in this image. 

  • Kamadhenu: celestial cow of the gods who not only produces milk, but can give you anything you desire. However, she is drawn to people who desire nothing, and so she likes to hang out with Rishi Vasistha. She had a daughter, Surabhi, who had a daughter Nandini. I met a lot of people in India named Nandini, and I always thought it was a pretty name. I also took a moment to pause and dwell on Kamadhenu.... while she can grant anyone anything that they like, she runs away from people who are greedy and desire too much. She much prefers to hang out with people who desire nothing... this is sort of like friendship, no? People who ask too much of us and just keep asking and asking and asking we tend to cut out of our lives, but people who don't need much and who are just there to support us are the people that we prefer to be around. 
Sarama's Children, With Paws

Some of the concepts in this book are just really, really out there. For example, Riskha, a male monkey who falls into a pond and emerges looking like a beautiful woman. Indra and Surya both fall in love with her/him, and she produces two children... sooo, she's completely changed genders. After a while though, she falls in the pond again, and re-emerges as her/his monkey form. No one recognizes him, and so he goes back to live in the forest. His human children eventually get raised by a sage, who curse them to live as monkeys, and they change into monkeys and go to the forest, where Riksha cares for them and looks after them... his own children.... Like, what? That's a lot of gender changes happening. 

Indra's Lore:

  • Indra, the god of the sky and king of the devas rides the elephant Airavata who was six tusks, seven trunks and white skin
Image from Wikimedia Commons

Cat Lore
  • "Many people in Bengal say that Shashthi is the goddess who helps mothers bear children and take care of them. She loves cats and their kittens. They also say that black cats follow Kali, the wild goddess of the forest, when she goes for a walk on new moon nights."
    • I wonder how long black cats and their lore have been associated with the moon, specifically new moons? I'd love to write a story about Kali out for a midnight stroll through the forest with black cats darting around behind her.